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Chapter 14. Apache Secure Server Configuration 139
and protocols (such as POP, IMAP and LDAP) without requiring any changes to the
daemon’s code.
Table 14-1 displays the location of the secure server packages and additional security-related
packages within the package groups provided by Red Hat Linux. This table also tells you
whether each package is optional or not for the installation of a secure Web server.
Table 14-1. Security Packages
Package Name Located in Group Optional?
apache System Environment/Daemons no
mod_ssl System Environment/Daemons no
openssl System Environment/Libraries no
mm System Environment/Libraries no
apache-devel Development/Libraries yes
apache-manual Documentation yes
openssh Applications/Internet yes
openssh-askpass Applications/Internet yes
openssh-askpass-gnome Applications/Internet yes
openssh-clients Applications/Internet yes
openssh-server System Environment/Daemons yes
openssl-devel Development/Libraries yes
stunnel Applications/Internet yes
14.3. An Overview of Certificates and Security
Your secure Web server provides security using a combination of the Secure Sockets Layer
(SSL) protocol and (in most cases) a digital certificate from a Certificate Authority (CA). SSL
handles the encrypted communications and the mutual authentication between browsers
and your secure Web server. The CA-approved digital certificate provides authentication for
your secure Web server (the CA puts its reputation behind its certification of your organi-
zation’s identity). When your browser is communicating using SSL encryption, you will see
the https:// prefix at the beginning of the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) in the navigation
bar.
Encryption depends upon the use of keys (think of them as secret encoder/decoder rings in
data format). In conventional or symmetric cryptography, both ends of the transaction have
the same key, which they use to decode each other’s transmissions. In public or asymmetric
cryptography, two keys co-exist: a public key and a private key. A person or an organization
keeps their private key a secret, and publishes their public key. Data encoded with the public
key can only be decoded with the private key; data encoded with the private key can only
be decoded with the public key.
To set up your secure server, you will use public cryptography to create a public and private
key pair. In most cases, you will send your certificate request (including your public key),
proof of your company’s identity, and payment to a CA. The CA will verify the certificate
request and your identity, and then send back a certificate for your secure Web server.
- Red Hat Linux 7.3 1
- The Official Red Hat Linux 1
- Customization Guide 1
- Table of Contents 5
- Introduction 9
- 2. Document Conventions 10
- Mail backupfiles mail reports 12
- 3. More to Come 13
- 4. Sign Up for Support 14
- Chapter 1 17
- Kickstart Installations 17
- 1.4. Kickstart Options 18
- 1.4.1. autostep 19
- 1.4.2. auth 19
- 1.4.3. bootloader 21
- 1.4.4. clearpart 22
- 1.4.5. device 23
- 1.4.6. deviceprobe 23
- 1.4.7. driverdisk 23
- 1.4.8. firewall 23
- 1.4.9. install 24
- 1.4.10. Installation Methods 24
- • --server server 25
- • --dir dir 25
- • --partition 25
- 1.4.11. interactive 26
- 1.4.12. keyboard 26
- 1.4.13. lang 26
- 1.4.14. langsupport 27
- 1.4.15. lilo 27
- 1.4.16. lilocheck 28
- 1.4.17. mouse 28
- 1.4.18. network 29
- 1.4.19. part 30
- 1.4.20. raid 32
- 1.4.21. reboot 33
- 1.4.22. rootpw 33
- 1.4.23. skipx 33
- 1.4.24. text 34
- 1.4.25. timezone 34
- 1.4.26. upgrade 34
- 1.4.27. xconfig 34
- %packages — Package Selection 35
- %post section 37
- # add comment to /etc/motd 38
- # add another nameserver 38
- • On a boot disk 39
- • On a network 39
- Chapter 2 43
- Kickstart Configurator 43
- 2.2. Boot Loader Options 44
- 2.3. Installation Method 45
- 2.4. Partition Information 46
- 2.4.1. Creating Partitions 47
- 2.5. Network Configuration 48
- 2.6. Authentication 49
- 2.7. Firewall Configuration 50
- 2.8. X Configuration 50
- 2.8.1. General 51
- 2.8.2. Video Card 51
- 2.8.3. Monitor 52
- 2.9. Package Selection 53
- 2.10. Pre-Installation Script 54
- 2.11.1. Chroot Environment 55
- 2.12. Saving the File 56
- Chapter 3 59
- Rescue Mode 59
- 3.2. Booting Rescue Mode 60
- mcopy mt tac 61
- mdeltree mtype tar 61
- mdir mv touch 61
- mdu mzip traceroute 61
- /dev/hdXX initrd= 62
- Chapter 4 63
- 4.3.2. Software RAID 64
- Chapter 5 67
- Software RAID Configuration 67
- /boot, and 68
- Network-Related References 71
- Chapter 6 73
- Network Configuration 73
- 6.9. Managing Hosts 83
- 6.10. Managing DNS Settings 84
- Chapter 7 87
- Basic Firewall Configuration 87
- 7.1. Basic 88
- 7.2. Local Hosts 88
- 7.3. DHCP 89
- 7.4. Configuring Services 89
- 7.5. Activating the Firewall 90
- Chapter 8 91
- 8.2. TCP Wrappers 92
- 8.3. Serviceconf 93
- 8.4. ntsysv 94
- 8.5. chkconfig 95
- 8.6. Additional Resources 95
- 8.6.2. Useful Websites 96
- Chapter 9 97
- 9.3.2. Using the scp Command 98
- 9.3.3. Using the sftp Command 99
- 9.3.4. Generating Key Pairs 99
- 9.4. Additional Resources 102
- Chapter 10 103
- Network File System (NFS) 103
- /sbin/service autofs reload 104
- /sbin/service autofs restart 104
- /sbin/service autofs status 104
- 10.4. Additional Resources 106
- Chapter 11 107
- 11.2.1. Samba Passwords 108
- 11.4. Additional Resources 110
- Chapter 12 111
- Important 112
- -5; # Eastern Standard Time 113
- 12.2.2. Lease Database 114
- 12.2.4. DHCP Relay Agent 115
- NETWORKING=yes 116
- DEVICE=eth0 116
- BOOTPROTO=dhcp 116
- ONBOOT=yes 116
- 12.4. Additional Resources 117
- Chapter 13 119
- Apache Configuration 119
- 13.2. Default Settings 121
- 13.2.2. Logging 123
- 13.2.3. Environment Variables 124
- 13.2.4. Directories 125
- Directory directive. You can 126
- #exec and #include 126
- DirectoryIndex (such 126
- 13.3. Virtual Hosts Settings 127
- 13.3.1.1. General Options 128
- NameVir 130
- 13.3.1.2. SSL 131
- 13.4. Server Settings 132
- 13.5. Performance Tuning 134
- 13.6. Saving Your Settings 135
- 13.7. Additional Resources 136
- Chapter 14 137
- 14.5. Types of Certificates 141
- 14.6. Generating a Key 142
- 14.9. Testing Your Certificate 146
- 14.11. Additional Resources 148
- Chapter 15 149
- BIND Configuration 149
- /var/named. All 150
- /var/named 150
- /etc/named.conf: 151
- /var/named directory 152
- 15.3. Adding a Slave Zone 154
- Chapter 16 155
- /sbin/service sendmail stop 156
- /sbin/service postfix start 156
- /sbin/service postfix stop 156
- /sbin/service sendmail start 156
- System Configuration 157
- Chapter 17 159
- Console Access 159
- 17.4. Defining the Console 160
- 17.7. The floppy Group 162
- Chapter 18 163
- Time and Date Configuration 163
- 18.2. Time Zone Configuration 165
- Chapter 19 167
- User and Group Configuration 167
- 19.3. Adding a New Group 169
- Chapter 20 171
- Gathering System Information 171
- 20.2. Memory Usage 173
- 20.3. Filesystems 174
- 20.4. Hardware 175
- 20.5. Additional Resources 176
- /proc directory 177
- Chapter 21 179
- Printer Configuration 179
- 21.1. Adding a Local Printer 181
- 21.7. Printing a Test Page 190
- 21.8.1. Names and Aliases 191
- 21.8.2. Queue Type 191
- 21.8.3. Driver 191
- 21.8.4. Driver Options 192
- /sbin/service lpd stop 194
- /sbin/service cups start 194
- /sbin/service cups stop 194
- /sbin/service lpd start 194
- 21.12. Additional Resources 195
- 21.12.2. Useful Websites 196
- Automated Tasks 197
- Chapter 22 197
- 22.2. Anacron 199
- 22.3. At and Batch 200
- 22.3.2. Configuring Batch Jobs 201
- 22.3.3. Viewing Pending Jobs 201
- 22.4. Additional Resources 202
- Chapter 23 205
- Upgrading the Kernel 205
- 23.4. Performing the Upgrade 207
- 23.5.1. GRUB 208
- 23.5.2. LILO 209
- Chapter 24 211
- Kernel Modules 211
- 24.2. Additional Resources 212
- Package Management 215
- Chapter 25 217
- Package Management with RPM 217
- 25.2. Using RPM 218
- 25.2.2.2. Conflicting Files 219
- 25.2.3. Uninstalling 220
- 25.2.4. Upgrading 220
- 25.2.5. Freshening 221
- 25.2.6. Querying 221
- 25.2.7. Verifying 222
- 25.3.1. Importing Keys 224
- 25.3.2. Verifying Packages 224
- 25.3.3. More about GnuPG 224
- 25.5. Additional Resources 227
- Chapter 26 229
- Gnome-RPM 229
- 26.1. Starting Gnome-RPM 230
- 26.2. The Package Display 231
- 26.3. Installing New Packages 232
- 26.4. Configuration 234
- Obsoletes header from 235
- 26.5. Package Manipulation 238
- 26.5.2. Verifying Packages 239
- 26.5.3. Uninstalling Packages 240
- 26.5.3.1. Upgrading Packages 241
- 242 Chapter 26. Gnome-RPM 242
- Chapter 27 243
- Red Hat Network 243
- Appendixes 245
- Appendix A 247
- Building a Custom Kernel 247
- A.2. Making an initrd Image 249
- A.3.1. GRUB 250
- A.3.2. LILO 251
- A.5. Additional Resources 252
- Appendix B 253
- B.2. Generating a Keypair 254
- --gen-revoke option: 255
- ASCII armored output forced 256
- BEGIN PGP to END 258
- B.5. Importing a Public Key 259
- B.7. Additional Resources 259
- B.7.2. Useful Websites 260
- B.7.3. Related Books 260
- (See Apache directives) 261
- (See certificate authorities) 261
- (See network connection) 261
- (See network configuration) 267
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